![]() The cellular etiology of AD is associated Including a global cognitive decline in memory, orientation, Insidious and characterized by progressive worsening of symptoms, Heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder. ![]() Further studies are required to fully examine anesthesia‑induced neurotoxicity and elucidate the effect of inhaled anesthetics on the onset and progression of AD.Īlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multi-factorial and ![]() However, several aspects of this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. The possible underlying mechanism was also reviewed. The present review attempts to resolve this discrepancy by reviewing previous studies, which have investigated the effects of commonly used inhaled anesthetics on the synthesis and accumulation of Aβ, tau pathology and cognitive function. Other studies have arrived at different and occasionally contradictory conclusions. Findings from several studies suggest that the anesthetics, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, may activate caspases, increase the synthesis and accumulation of β‑amyloid (Aβ) protein, and induce hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, all of which are cellular responses consistent with the neuropathogenesis of AD. It is therefore important to determine whether commonly used inhaled anesthetics induce cytotoxicity, which may lead to neurodegeneration. The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in individuals >65 years of age is 13% and ~66 million individuals in this age group undergo surgery annually under anesthesia.
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